Tuberculosis treatment during the COVID-19 pandemic: actions offered and case profile.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the association between the provision of tuberculosis treatment actions and the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of cases during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHOD: Cross-sectional study conducted with data from secondary sources of 134 tuberculosis cases that underwent treatment in 2020 in the city of Pelotas, RS, Brazil. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Chi-square test, and Fisher's exact test. RESULTS: The least frequently offered actions in the period were: three or more control smear microscopies (12.7%), smear microscopy at the end of treatment (16.7%), chest X-ray at sixth month (48.5%) and sputum culture (49%). The number of medical and nursing consultations did not reach six in 52.9% and 83.3% of cases, respectively. The lower offer of treatment actions was associated with: retreatment (p<0.001); comorbidities (p=0.023); HIV infection (p<0.001); mental disorder (p=0.013); illicit substance use (p=0.018); normal chest X-ray (p=0.024); and special treatment regimen (p=0.009). CONCLUSION: After the COVID-19 pandemic, it is essential to invest in cases follow-up, especially those undergoing retreatment, with comorbidities, drug use, normal chest X-ray results, and special treatment regimens.

Clusters of heterogeneity of tuberculosis-HIV coinfection in Brazil: a geospatial study.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the geospatialization of tuberculosis-HIV coinfection in Brazil, from 2010 to 2021, and the correlation with socioeconomic, housing, and health indicators. METHODS: An ecological study of Brazilian municipalities and states, with data from HIV and tuberculosis information systems, previously reported by the Ministry of Health. The crude and smoothed coefficients were calculated by the local empirical Bayesian method of incidence of coinfection per 100,000 inhabitants in the population aged between 18 and 59 years. Univariate (identification of clusters) and bivariate (correlation with 20 indicators) Moran's indices were used. RESULTS: A total of 122,223 cases of coinfection were registered in Brazil from 2010 to 2021, with a mean coefficient of 8.30/100,000. The South (11.44/100,000) and North (9.93/100,000) regions concentrated the highest burden of infections. The coefficients dropped in Brazil, in all regions, in the years of covid-19 (2020 and 2021). The highest coefficients were observed in the municipalities of the states of Rio Grande do Sul, Mato Grosso do Sul, and Amazonas, with high-high clusters in the capitals, border regions, coast of the country. The municipalities belonging to the states of Minas Gerais, Bahia, Paraná, and Piauí showed low-low clusters. There was a direct correlation with human development indices and aids rates, as well as an indirect correlation with the proportion of poor or of those vulnerable to poverty and the Gini index. CONCLUSIONS: The spatial analysis of tuberculosis-HIV coinfection showed heterogeneity in the Brazilian territory and constant behavior throughout the period, revealing clusters with high-burden municipalities, especially in large urban centers and in states with a high occurrence of HIV and/or tuberculosis. These findings, in addition to alerting to the effects of the covid-19 pandemic, can incorporate strategic planning for the control of coinfection, aiming to eliminate these infections as public health problems by 2030.

Social protection as a right of people affected by tuberculosis: a scoping review and conceptual framework.

BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis is an infectious disease strongly influenced by social determinants closely associated with cycles of poverty and social exclusion. Within this context, providing social protection for people affected by the disease constitutes a powerful instrument for reducing inequalities and enhancing inclusion and social justice. This study aimed to identify and synthesize strategies and measures aimed at ensuring social protection as a right of people affected by tuberculosis. METHODS: This is a scoping review, with searches conducted in six databases in February 2023. We included publications from 2015 onwards that elucidate strategies and measures of social protection aimed at safeguarding the rights to health, nutrition, employment, income, housing, social assistance, and social security for people affected by tuberculosis. These strategies could be implemented through policies, programs, and/or governmental agreements in any given context. The data extracted from the articles underwent descriptive analysis and a narrative synthesis of findings based on the dimensions of social protection. Additionally, we developed a conceptual framework illustrating the organizational and operational aspects of measures and strategies related to each dimension of social protection identified in this review. RESULTS: A total of 9317 publications were retrieved from the databases, of which sixty-three publications were included. The study's results highlighted measures and strategies concerning the social protection of people affected by tuberculosis. These measures and strategies revolved around the rights to proper nutrition and nourishment, income, housing, and health insurance, as well as expanded rights encompassing social assistance and social welfare. It was reported that ensuring these rights contributes to improving nutritional status and the quality of life for individuals with tuberculosis, along with reducing catastrophic costs, expanding access to healthcare interventions and services, and fostering TB treatment adherence, thereby leading to higher rates of TB cure. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings identify social protection measures as a right for people affected by tuberculosis and have the potential to guide the development of evidence-based social and health policies through collaboration between tuberculosis control programs and governmental entities.

Spatial and temporal analysis of tuberculosis incidence in Guinea-Bissau, 2018 to 2020.

OBJECTIVE: to analyze the epidemiological profile, spatial and temporal distribution of tuberculosis in Guinea-Bissau from 2018 to 2020. METHODS: an ecological study, carried out in Guinea-Bissau, considering new cases of tuberculosis. Spatial analysis of areas was used to verify tuberculosis distribution in the country, and time series were used to identify incidence evolution over the years of study. RESULTS: a total of 6,840 new cases of tuberculosis were reported. Tuberculosis incidence rate in the country ranged from 36.8 to 267.7 cases/100,000 inhabitants, with emphasis on the regions of Bissau and Biombo (over 90 cases/100,000). By using time series, it was possible to observe an increase in case incidence over the years of study. CONCLUSIONS: the study made it possible to identify the epidemiological profile of tuberculosis in Guinea-Bissau, spatial distribution heterogeneity, in addition to identifying the disease evolution over the years of investigation.

Health care for people with tuberculosis/HIV co-infection from the multidisciplinary team's perspective.

OBJECTIVE: to know the multidisciplinary team's perspective about the health care of people with tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus co-infection in relation to treatment. METHODS: this is a descriptive-exploratory study, with a qualitative approach, carried out in a health care service in São Paulo, from May to June 2019. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with nine professionals from the multidisciplinary team. Data were processed through discourse analysis with the support of webQDA. RESULTS: Two empirical categories emerged: Health care interfaces for people with tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus co-infection; Barriers and facilitators for health care for people with co-infection. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS: the health-disease process in co-infection is mediated by conditions that positively or negatively interfere with treatment compliance. People's health care goes beyond exclusively clinical assistance and requires the recognition of needs in a broad perspective.

Effect of implementing care protocols on acute ischemic stroke outcomes: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Implementing stroke care protocols has intended to provide better care quality, favor early functional recovery, and achieving long-term results for the rehabilitation of the patient. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the effect of implementing care protocols on the outcomes of acute ischemic stroke. METHODS: Primary studies published from 2011 to 2020 and which met the following criteria were included: population should be people with acute ischemic stroke; studies should present results on the outcomes of using protocols in the therapeutic approach to acute ischemic stroke. The bibliographic search was carried out in June 2020 in 7 databases. The article selection was conducted by two independent reviewers and the results were narratively synthesized. RESULTS: A total of 11,226 publications were retrieved in the databases, of which 30 were included in the study. After implementing the protocol, 70.8% of the publications found an increase in the rate of performing reperfusion therapy, such as thrombolysis and thrombectomy; 45.5% identified an improvement in the clinical prognosis of the patient; and 25.0% of the studies identified a decrease in the length of hospital stay. Out of 19 studies that addressed the rate of symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage, 2 (10.5%) identified a decrease. A decrease in mortality was mentioned in 3 (25.0%) articles out of 12 that evaluated this outcome. CONCLUSIONS: We have identified the importance of implementing protocols in increasing the performance of reperfusion therapies, and a good functional outcome with improved prognosis after discharge. However, there is still a need to invest in reducing post-thrombolysis complications and mortality.

ANTECEDENTES: A implementação de protocolos de acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) visa proporcionar uma melhor qualidade da assistência, favorecer a recuperação funcional precoce e alcançar resultados para a reabilitação do paciente. OBJETIVO: Analisar o efeito da implantação de protocolos nos desfechos do AVC isquêmico agudo. MéTODOS: Foram incluídos estudos primários publicados entre 2011 e 2020 e que atendiam aos seguintes critérios: população deveria ser constituída de pessoas com AVC isquêmico agudo; apresentar resultados sobre os desfechos do uso de protocolos na abordagem terapêutica ao AVC isquêmico agudo. A busca bibliográfica foi realizada em junho de 2020 em 7 bases de dados. A seleção dos artigos foi feita por dois revisores independentes e a síntese dos resultados foi feita de forma narrativa. RESULTADOS: Foram recuperadas 11.226 publicações, das quais 30 foram incluídas no estudo. Após a implementação do protocolo, 70,8% das publicações constataram aumento na taxa de realização de terapia de reperfusão, como a trombólise e a trombectomia; 45,5% identificaram melhora no prognóstico clínico do paciente; e 25,0% dos estudos identificaram diminuição no tempo de internação hospitalar. De 19 estudos que abordaram a taxa de hemorragia intracraniana sintomática, 2 (10,5%) identificaram diminuição nesta taxa. A diminuição da mortalidade foi citada em 3 (25,0%) artigos de 12 que avaliaram tal desfecho. CONCLUSõES: Identificou-se a importância da implantação de protocolos no aumento da realização das terapias de reperfusão, e ao bom desfecho funcional com melhora do prognóstico após a alta. No entanto, ainda há que se investir na diminuição das complicações pós trombólise e da mortalidade.

New insights on tuberculosis transmission dynamics and drug susceptibility profiles among the prison population in Southern Brazil based on whole-genome sequencing.

BACKGROUND: The rate of tuberculosis (TB) infection among the prison population (PP) in Brazil is 28 times higher than that in the general population, and prison environment favors the spread of TB. OBJECTIVE: To describe TB transmission dynamics and drug resistance profiles in PP using whole-genome sequencing (WGS). METHODS: This was a retrospective study of Mycobacterium tuberculosis cultivated from people incarcerated in 55 prisons between 2016 and 2019; only one isolate per prisoner was included. Information about movement from one prison to another was tracked. Clinical information was collected, and WGS was performed on isolates obtained at the time of TB diagnosis. RESULTS: Among 134 prisoners included in the study, we detected 16 clusters with a total of 58 (43%) cases of M. tuberculosis. Clusters ranged from two to seven isolates with five or fewer single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) differences, suggesting a recent transmission. Six (4.4%) isolates were resistant to at least one anti-TB drug. Two of these clustered together and showed resistance to rifampicin, isoniazid, and fluoroquinolones, with 100% concordance between WGS and phenotypic drug-susceptibility testing. Prisoners with clustered isolates had a high amount of movement between prisons (two to eight moves) during the study period. CONCLUSIONS: WGS demonstrated the recent transmission of TB within prisons in Brazil. The high movement among prisoners seems to be related to the transmission of the same M. tuberculosis strain within the prison system. Screening for TB before and after the movement of prisoners using rapid molecular tests could play a role in reducing transmission.

Effect of implementing care protocols on acute ischemic stroke outcomes: a systematic review / Efeito da implementação de protocolos nos desfechos do AVC isquêmico agudo: revisão sistemática

Abstract Background Implementing stroke care protocols has intended to provide better care quality, favor early functional recovery, and achieving long-term results for the rehabilitation of the patient. Objective To analyze the effect of implementing care protocols on the outcomes of acute ischemic stroke. Methods Primary studies published from 2011 to 2020 and which met the following criteria were included: population should be people with acute ischemic stroke; studies should present results on the outcomes of using protocols in the therapeutic approach to acute ischemic stroke. The bibliographic search was carried out in June 2020 in 7 databases. The article selection was conducted by two independent reviewers and the results were narratively synthesized. Results A total of 11,226 publications were retrieved in the databases, of which 30 were included in the study. After implementing the protocol, 70.8% of the publications found an increase in the rate of performing reperfusion therapy, such as thrombolysis and thrombectomy; 45.5% identified an improvement in the clinical prognosis of the patient; and 25.0% of the studies identified a decrease in the length of hospital stay. Out of 19 studies that addressed the rate of symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage, 2 (10.5%) identified a decrease. A decrease in mortality was mentioned in 3 (25.0%) articles out of 12 that evaluated this outcome. Conclusions We have identified the importance of implementing protocols in increasing the performance of reperfusion therapies, and a good functional outcome with improved prognosis after discharge. However, there is still a need to invest in reducing post-thrombolysis complications and mortality.

Resumo Antecedentes A implementação de protocolos de acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) visa proporcionar uma melhor qualidade da assistência, favorecer a recuperação funcional precoce e alcançar resultados para a reabilitação do paciente. Objetivo Analisar o efeito da implantação de protocolos nos desfechos do AVC isquêmico agudo. Métodos Foram incluídos estudos primários publicados entre 2011 e 2020 e que atendiam aos seguintes critérios: população deveria ser constituída de pessoas com AVC isquêmico agudo; apresentar resultados sobre os desfechos do uso de protocolos na abordagem terapêutica ao AVC isquêmico agudo. A busca bibliográfica foi realizada em junho de 2020 em 7 bases de dados. A seleção dos artigos foi feita por dois revisores independentes e a síntese dos resultados foi feita de forma narrativa. Resultados Foram recuperadas 11.226 publicações, das quais 30 foram incluídas no estudo. Após a implementação do protocolo, 70,8% das publicações constataram aumento na taxa de realização de terapia de reperfusão, como a trombólise e a trombectomia; 45,5% identificaram melhora no prognóstico clínico do paciente; e 25,0% dos estudos identificaram diminuição no tempo de internação hospitalar. De 19 estudos que abordaram a taxa de hemorragia intracraniana sintomática, 2 (10,5%) identificaram diminuição nesta taxa. A diminuição da mortalidade foi citada em 3 (25,0%) artigos de 12 que avaliaram tal desfecho. Conclusões Identificou-se a importância da implantação de protocolos no aumento da realização das terapias de reperfusão, e ao bom desfecho funcional com melhora do prognóstico após a alta. No entanto, ainda há que se investir na diminuição das complicações pós trombólise e da mortalidade.

Health care for people with tuberculosis/HIV co-infection from the multidisciplinary team's perspective / Atención médica de personas con tuberculosis/coinfección por VIH desde la perspectiva del equipo multiprofesional / O cuidado em saúde de pessoas com coinfecção tuberculose/HIV na perspectiva da equipe multiprofissional

ABSTRACT Objective: to know the multidisciplinary team's perspective about the health care of people with tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus co-infection in relation to treatment. Methods: this is a descriptive-exploratory study, with a qualitative approach, carried out in a health care service in São Paulo, from May to June 2019. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with nine professionals from the multidisciplinary team. Data were processed through discourse analysis with the support of webQDA. Results: Two empirical categories emerged: Health care interfaces for people with tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus co-infection; Barriers and facilitators for health care for people with co-infection. Final considerations: the health-disease process in co-infection is mediated by conditions that positively or negatively interfere with treatment compliance. People's health care goes beyond exclusively clinical assistance and requires the recognition of needs in a broad perspective.

RESUMEN Objetivo: conozca las percepciones del equipo multiprofesional sobre el cuidado de la salud de las personas con tuberculosis de coinfección y el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana en relación con el tratamiento. Métodos: estudio descriptivo-exploratorio, con un enfoque cualitativo, realizado en servicios de atención médica de São Paulo de mayo a junio de 2019. Se realizaron entrevistas con guiones semiestructurados con nueve profesionales del equipo multiprofesional. Los datos se procesaron a través del análisis del discurso con el soporte del software webQDA. Resultados: surgieron dos categorías empíricas: interfaces de atención médica para persona con tuberculosis de coinfección y virus de inmunodeficiencia humana; Barreras y facilitadores para la atención médica para personas con coinfección. Consideraciones finales: el proceso de enfermedad de salud en la coinfección está mediado por condiciones que interfieren positiva o negativamente en la adherencia al tratamiento. La atención médica de las personas va más allá de la asistencia clínica exclusiva y requiere el reconocimiento de las necesidades desde una perspectiva amplia.

RESUMO Objetivo: conhecer as percepções da equipe multiprofissional sobre cuidado em saúde de pessoas com coinfecção tuberculose e vírus da imunodeficiência humana em relação ao tratamento. Métodos: estudo descritivo-exploratório, com abordagem qualitativa, realizado em serviço de assistência à saúde de São Paulo de maio a junho de 2019. Foram realizadas entrevistas com roteiro semiestruturado com nove profissionais da equipe multiprofissional. Os dados foram processados por meio da análise de discurso com apoio do software webQDA. Resultados: duas categorias empíricas emergiram: Interfaces do cuidado em saúde à pessoa com coinfecção tuberculose e vírus da imunodeficiência humana; Barreiras e facilitadores para o cuidado em saúde à pessoa com coinfecção. Considerações finais: o processo saúde-doença na coinfecção é mediado por condicionantes que interferem de forma positiva ou negativa na adesão ao tratamento. O cuidado em saúde das pessoas ultrapassa a assistência exclusivamente clínica e requer o reconhecimento de necessidades em uma perspectiva ampla.

Spatial and temporal analysis of tuberculosis incidence in Guinea-Bissau, 2018 to 2020 / Análisis espacial y temporal de la incidencia de tuberculosis en Guinea-Bissau, 2018 a 2020 / Análise espacial e temporal da incidência da tuberculose em Guiné-Bissau, 2018 a 2020

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze the epidemiological profile, spatial and temporal distribution of tuberculosis in Guinea-Bissau from 2018 to 2020. Methods: an ecological study, carried out in Guinea-Bissau, considering new cases of tuberculosis. Spatial analysis of areas was used to verify tuberculosis distribution in the country, and time series were used to identify incidence evolution over the years of study. Results: a total of 6,840 new cases of tuberculosis were reported. Tuberculosis incidence rate in the country ranged from 36.8 to 267.7 cases/100,000 inhabitants, with emphasis on the regions of Bissau and Biombo (over 90 cases/100,000). By using time series, it was possible to observe an increase in case incidence over the years of study. Conclusions: the study made it possible to identify the epidemiological profile of tuberculosis in Guinea-Bissau, spatial distribution heterogeneity, in addition to identifying the disease evolution over the years of investigation.

RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar el perfil epidemiológico, distribución espacial y temporal de la tuberculosis en Guinea-Bissau, de 2018 a 2020. Métodos: estudio ecológico, realizado en Guinea-Bissau, considerando nuevos casos de tuberculosis. Se utilizó análisis espacial de áreas para verificar la distribución de la tuberculosis en el país y series de tiempo para identificar la evolución de la incidencia a lo largo de los años de estudio. Resultados: se notificaron 6.840 nuevos casos de tuberculosis. La tasa de incidencia de tuberculosis en el país varió de 36,8 a 267,7 casos/100.000 habitantes, con énfasis en las regiones de Bissau y Biombo (más de 90 casos/100.000). Con el uso de series de tiempo, fue posible observar un aumento en la incidencia de casos a lo largo de los años del estudio. Conclusiones: el estudio permitió identificar el perfil epidemiológico de la tuberculosis en Guinea-Bissau, la heterogeneidad de la distribución espacial, además de identificar la evolución de la enfermedad a lo largo de los años de investigación.

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar o perfil epidemiológico, a distribuição espacial e temporal da tuberculose em Guiné-Bissau, no período de 2018 a 2020. Métodos: estudo ecológico, realizado em Guiné-Bissau, considerando os casos novos de tuberculose. Empregaram-se análise espacial de áreas, para verificar a distribuição da tuberculose no país, e séries temporais, para identificar a evolução da incidência ao longo dos anos de estudo. Resultados: foram notificados 6.840 casos novos de tuberculose. A taxa de incidência da tuberculose no país variou de 36,8 a 267,7 casos/100.000 habitantes, com destaque para as regiões de Bissau e Biombo (superior a 90 casos/100.000). Com o uso de séries temporais, foi possível observar um aumento na incidência dos casos ao longo dos anos do estudo. Conclusões: o estudo permitiu identificar o perfil epidemiológico da tuberculose em Guiné-Bissau, a heterogeneidade da distribuição espacial, além de identificar a evolução da doença ao logo dos anos de investigação.

New insights on tuberculosis transmission dynamics and drug susceptibility profiles among the prison population in Southern Brazil based on whole-genome sequencing

ABSTRACT Background: The rate of tuberculosis (TB) infection among the prison population (PP) in Brazil is 28 times higher than that in the general population, and prison environment favors the spread of TB. Objective: To describe TB transmission dynamics and drug resistance profiles in PP using whole-genome sequencing (WGS). Methods: This was a retrospective study of Mycobacterium tuberculosis cultivated from people incarcerated in 55 prisons between 2016 and 2019; only one isolate per prisoner was included. Information about movement from one prison to another was tracked. Clinical information was collected, and WGS was performed on isolates obtained at the time of TB diagnosis. Results: Among 134 prisoners included in the study, we detected 16 clusters with a total of 58 (43%) cases of M. tuberculosis. Clusters ranged from two to seven isolates with five or fewer single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) differences, suggesting a recent transmission. Six (4.4%) isolates were resistant to at least one anti-TB drug. Two of these clustered together and showed resistance to rifampicin, isoniazid, and fluoroquinolones, with 100% concordance between WGS and phenotypic drug-susceptibility testing. Prisoners with clustered isolates had a high amount of movement between prisons (two to eight moves) during the study period. Conclusions: WGS demonstrated the recent transmission of TB within prisons in Brazil. The high movement among prisoners seems to be related to the transmission of the same M. tuberculosis strain within the prison system. Screening for TB before and after the movement of prisoners using rapid molecular tests could play a role in reducing transmission.

Determinantes sociais da saúde e desfecho desfavorável do tratamento da tuberculose no sistema prisional / Social determinants of health and unfavourable outcome of tuberculosis treatment in the prison system

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é analisar o desfecho desfavorável do tratamento da tuberculose entre a população privada de liberdade segundo os determinantes sociais de saúde. Coorte retrospectiva realizada nos estados de Rondônia e São Paulo, Brasil, com detentos com tuberculose notificados entre 2008 e 2017. Os dados foram coletados do SINAN e do TB-WEB e analisados pelo risco relativo (RR), com intervalos de confiança (IC95%), testando a associação entre a variável dependente [desfecho desfavorável (óbitos por tuberculose e outras causas, assim como os abandonos, primários ou não) x favorável (cura)] e os determinantes estruturais e intermediários da saúde. Foram registrados 158 desfechos desfavoráveis em Rondônia e 2.227 em São Paulo. Para Rondônia, tal desfecho esteve associado a sexo masculino (RR 3,09; IC95% 1,03-9,27) e Aids (RR 2,46; IC95% 1,63-3,71). Em São Paulo, idade superior a 30 anos (RR 1,36; IC95% 1,26-1,47), Aids (RR 3,08; IC95% 2,81-3,38), alcoolismo (RR 1,54; IC95% 1,35-1,76), diabetes (RR 1,70; IC95% 1,27-2,28) e tratamento autoadministrado (RR 2,55; IC95% 2,27-2,86) constituíram fatores de risco para o desfecho desfavorável. O estudo contribui com elementos para a estratificação de risco das pessoas com tuberculose nas unidades de saúde prisionais, fornecendo subsídios para qualificar a assistência para o desfecho favorável dos casos.

Abstract This article aims to analyze the unfavorable outcome of tuberculosis treatment among the population deprived of liberty by social determinants of health. This retrospective cohort was conducted in the states of Rondônia and São Paulo, Brazil, with inmates with tuberculosis notified between 2008 and 2017. Data were collected from SINAN and TB-WEB and analyzed by relative risk (RR) and confidence intervals (95%CI), which tested the association between the dependent variable (unfavorable outcome (deaths from tuberculosis and other causes, and primary and non-primary lost to follow-up) vs. favorable outcome (cure)) and the structural and intermediary determinants of health. One hundred fifty-eight unfavorable outcomes were registered in Rondônia and 2,227 in São Paulo. For Rondônia, this outcome was associated with gender (RR 3.09; 95%CI 1.03-9.27) and AIDS (RR 2.46; 95%CI 1.63-3.71). In São Paulo, aged over 30 years (RR 1.36; 95%CI 1.26-1.47), AIDS (RR 3.08; 95%CI 2.81-3.38), alcohol abuse (RR 1.54; 95%CI 1.35-1.76), diabetes (RR 1.70; 95%CI 1.27-2.28) and self-administered treatment (RR 2.55; 95%CI 2.27-2.86) were risk factors for the unfavorable outcome. The study contributes with elements to the risk stratification of people with tuberculosis in prison units and, thus, improves health care towards a favorable outcome.

Percepção de pessoas em situação de rua sobre o tratamento da tuberculose / Perception of homeless people about the treatment of tuberculosis

Objetivo: Conhecer a percepção de pessoas em situação de rua em relação ao tratamento da tuberculose. Métodos: Estudo qualitativo, com base na história oral temática. Foram entrevistadas 24 pessoas em situação de rua no município de São Paulo, em tratamento da tuberculose e vinculados a duas Unidades Básicas de Saúde, no período de junho a julho de 2018. Resultados: Emergiram três categorias: A situação de rua como desafio para o enfrentamento da tuberculose; o impacto do tratamento na vida dos usuários; as potencialidades e os limites dos serviços de saúde no apoio ao tratamento. Os participantes destacaram que o fato de viver em situação de rua impacta no tratamento da tuberculose, pois as medidas de isolamento e monitoramento são menos efetivas. Em contrapartida, a possibilidade de cura e a relação estabelecida com os profissionais de saúde foram fundamentais para a adesão ao tratamento. Considerações finais: A tuberculose na população de rua deve ser compreendida na perspectiva da determinação social do processo saúde-adoecimento. Por outra parte, desafios inerentes aos esquemas terapêuticos, condições de vida na rua, vulnerabilidades individuais, coletivas e programáticas dos serviços e políticas públicas que precisam ser considerados na construção das estratégias de cuidado. (AU)

Objective: To understand homeless people's perception in relation to the treatment of tuberculosis. Methods: A qualitative study based on thematic oral history. Twenty-four homeless individuals from the city of São Paulo undergoing treatment for tuberculosis and linked to two Basic Health Units were interviewed from June to July 2018. Results: Three catego-ries emerged: Homelessness as a challenge to coping with tuberculosis; The impact of treatment on users' lives; and The potential and limits of health services in supporting the tuberculosis treatment. The participants highlighted that the fact of living on the streets exerts impacts on their treatment, as isolation and monitoring measures are less effective. On the other hand, the possibility of cure and the relationship established with health professionals were fundamental for adherence to the treatment. Final considerations: Tuberculosis in the street population must be understood from the perspective of the social determination of the health-disease process. Added to the challenges inherent to the treat-ment of tuberculosis, life conditions on the street, as well as individual, collective and programmatic vulnerabilities of the services and public policies need to be considered in the care strategies. (AU)

Integral health care for transgender adolescents: subsidies for nursing practice.

OBJECTIVE: to analyze the integral health care for transgender adolescents from the perspective of their guardians. METHOD: qualitative research based on the Social Network framework proposed by Lia Sanicola, developed with 22 guardians of transgender adolescents in Brazil through semi-structured individual online interviews. The empirical material was analyzed using the content analysis technique, thematic modality. RESULTS: lack of ambience was observed, in addition to technical unpreparedness of health professionals in relation to the theme at all levels of care, transphobia, centralization of care in scarce qualified services for transgender children and youth, absence of family support, lack of health promotion actions within the community, especially in the school environment, and the common support from non-governmental initiatives. CONCLUSION: the centralization of actions in scarce specialized services in the country, and the structural transphobia can compromise the integral health care for transgender adolescents. There is an urgent need for a network of care capable of assisting the joint action by multi and interdisciplinary teams, with greater proactivity of the nurse with the transgender adolescent and their guardians in individual and collective actions; ambience; health promotion in schools for visibility and support in Primary Health Care since childhood. HIGHLIGHTS: (1) Need for a network of care concerning integral health care for transgender adolescents.(2) Centralization and scarce qualified services for transgender children and youth.(3) Invisible families, lack of health promotion within the community.(4) Unpreparedness of health professionals and disarticulation of the health care network.(5) Need for qualification of nurses when caring for transgender people.

Social determinants of health and unfavourable outcome of tuberculosis treatment in the prison system. / Determinantes sociais da saúde e desfecho desfavorável do tratamento da tuberculose no sistema prisional.

This article aims to analyze the unfavorable outcome of tuberculosis treatment among the population deprived of liberty by social determinants of health. This retrospective cohort was conducted in the states of Rondônia and São Paulo, Brazil, with inmates with tuberculosis notified between 2008 and 2017. Data were collected from SINAN and TB-WEB and analyzed by relative risk (RR) and confidence intervals (95%CI), which tested the association between the dependent variable (unfavorable outcome (deaths from tuberculosis and other causes, and primary and non-primary lost to follow-up) vs. favorable outcome (cure)) and the structural and intermediary determinants of health. One hundred fifty-eight unfavorable outcomes were registered in Rondônia and 2,227 in São Paulo. For Rondônia, this outcome was associated with gender (RR 3.09; 95%CI 1.03-9.27) and AIDS (RR 2.46; 95%CI 1.63-3.71). In São Paulo, aged over 30 years (RR 1.36; 95%CI 1.26-1.47), AIDS (RR 3.08; 95%CI 2.81-3.38), alcohol abuse (RR 1.54; 95%CI 1.35-1.76), diabetes (RR 1.70; 95%CI 1.27-2.28) and self-administered treatment (RR 2.55; 95%CI 2.27-2.86) were risk factors for the unfavorable outcome. The study contributes with elements to the risk stratification of people with tuberculosis in prison units and, thus, improves health care towards a favorable outcome.

O objetivo deste artigo é analisar o desfecho desfavorável do tratamento da tuberculose entre a população privada de liberdade segundo os determinantes sociais de saúde. Coorte retrospectiva realizada nos estados de Rondônia e São Paulo, Brasil, com detentos com tuberculose notificados entre 2008 e 2017. Os dados foram coletados do SINAN e do TB-WEB e analisados pelo risco relativo (RR), com intervalos de confiança (IC95%), testando a associação entre a variável dependente [desfecho desfavorável (óbitos por tuberculose e outras causas, assim como os abandonos, primários ou não) x favorável (cura)] e os determinantes estruturais e intermediários da saúde. Foram registrados 158 desfechos desfavoráveis em Rondônia e 2.227 em São Paulo. Para Rondônia, tal desfecho esteve associado a sexo masculino (RR 3,09; IC95% 1,03-9,27) e Aids (RR 2,46; IC95% 1,63-3,71). Em São Paulo, idade superior a 30 anos (RR 1,36; IC95% 1,26-1,47), Aids (RR 3,08; IC95% 2,81-3,38), alcoolismo (RR 1,54; IC95% 1,35-1,76), diabetes (RR 1,70; IC95% 1,27-2,28) e tratamento autoadministrado (RR 2,55; IC95% 2,27-2,86) constituíram fatores de risco para o desfecho desfavorável. O estudo contribui com elementos para a estratificação de risco das pessoas com tuberculose nas unidades de saúde prisionais, fornecendo subsídios para qualificar a assistência para o desfecho favorável dos casos.

Risk factors for HIV infection among adolescents and the youth: a systematic review. / Fatores de risco à infecção pelo HIV entre adolescentes e jovens: revisão sistemática.

OBJECTIVE: to identify and analyze HIV infection risk factors among adolescents and the youth. METHOD: this is a systematic review whose guide question is: what are the risk factors for HIV infection among adolescents and the youth?" In total, five databases and Google Scholar were searched in December 2021 and the found publications between 2012-2022 were filtered without language restriction. Studies were selected by two independent reviewers. The included materials were subjected to methodological quality evaluation and narrative synthesis. RESULTS: overall, we included seven studies out of the 26,191 retrieved. All studies were conducted in Africa. We found that the female gender, older age, low schooling, Black ethnicity, multiple sexual partners, inconsistent use of condoms, alcohol consumption, and early sexual onset constituted risk factors for HIV infection in adolescents and the youth. CONCLUSION: understanding risk factors underscores the provision of health policies and intervention strategies to strengthen the responsiveness of health services and nursing teams' care to reduce HIV transmission among adolescents and the youth.(1) Our knowledge synthesis contributes to the care provided in health services. (2) The main factors for HIV are related to risk behaviors. (3) Our results point to the purpose of health policies to prevent HIV. (4) IWe assessed the importance of different social actors and management bodies to cope with HIV. (5) This study strengthens the role of nursing in preventing HIV transmission.

Reducing care time after implementing protocols for acute ischemic stroke: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: The treatment of acute ischemic stroke with cerebral reperfusion therapy requires rapid care and recognition of symptoms. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the effectiveness of implementing protocols for acute ischemic stroke in reducing care time. METHODS: Systematic review, which was performed with primary studies in Portuguese, English, and Spanish published between 2011 and 2020. INCLUSION CRITERIA: study population should comprise people with acute ischemic stroke and studies should present results on the effectiveness of using urgent care protocols in reducing care time. The bibliographic search was conducted in June 2020 in the LILACS, MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, CINAHL, Academic Search Premier, and SocINDEX databases. The articles were selected, and data were extracted by two independent reviewers; the synthesis of the results was performed narratively. The methodological quality of articles was evaluated through specific instruments proposed by the Joanna Briggs Institute. RESULTS: A total of 11,226 publications were found, of which 35 were included in the study. Only one study reported improvement in the symptoms-onset-to-door time after protocol implementation. The effectiveness of the therapeutic approach protocols for ischemic stroke was identified in improving door-to-image, image-to-needle, door-to-needle and symptoms-onset-to-needle times. The main limitation found in the articles concerned the lack of clarity in relation to the study population. CONCLUSIONS: Several advances have been identified in in-hospital care with protocol implementation; however, it is necessary to improve the recognition time of stroke symptoms among those who have the first contact with the person affected by the stroke and among the professionals involved with the prehospital care.

ANTECEDENTES: O tratamento do acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) isquêmico com terapia de reperfusão requer rápido atendimento e reconhecimento dos sintomas. OBJETIVO: Analisar a efetividade da implementação de protocolos para AVC isquêmico agudo na redução do tempo de atendimento. MéTODOS: Revisão sistemática realizada com estudos primários em português, inglês e espanhol publicados entre 2011 e 2020. Critérios de inclusão: a população do estudo foi constituída por pessoas com AVC isquêmico agudo e estudos que apresentassem resultados sobre a efetividade da implantação de protocolos no tempo de atendimento. A pesquisa bibliográfica foi realizada em junho de 2020 nas bases de dados LILACS, MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, CINAHL, Academic Search Premier e SocINDEX. A seleção dos artigos e a extração dos dados foram feitas por dois revisores independentes; a síntese dos resultados foi feita de forma narrativa. A qualidade metodológica dos artigos foi avaliada por meio de instrumentos do Joanna Briggs Institute. RESULTADOS: Foram encontradas 11.226 publicações, das quais 35 foram incluídas no estudo. Apenas um estudo relatou melhora no tempo início dos sintomas-porta após a implementação do protocolo, no entanto, foi efetiva na melhora dos tempos porta-imagem, imagem-agulha, porta-agulha e início dos sintomas-agulha. A principal limitação encontrada nos artigos diz respeito à falta de clareza quanto à população de estudo. CONCLUSõES: Vários avanços foram identificados no atendimento intra-hospitalar com implantação de protocolo; porém, é necessário melhorar o tempo de reconhecimento dos sintomas do AVC entre aqueles que têm o primeiro contato com a pessoa acometida e entre os profissionais envolvidos com o atendimento pré-hospitalar.

Impact of COVID-19 on Tuberculosis Indicators in Brazil: A Time Series and Spatial Analysis Study.

BACKGROUND: We aimed to visualize and classify the time series of COVID-19, tuberculosis (TB) notification, and TB outcomes (cure, treatment abandonment, and death), verify the impact of the new coronavirus pandemic on these indices in Brazil, and verify the presence of spatial autocorrelation between COVID-19 and TB. METHODS: This was an ecological time series study that considered TB and COVID-19 cases. Seasonal Trend Decomposition using Loess (STL) was used to trace the temporal trend, Prais-Winsten was used to classify the temporal trend, Interrupted Time Series (ITS) was used to verify the impact of COVID-19 on TB rates, and the Bivariate Moran Index (Global and Local) was used to verify the spatial autocorrelation of events. RESULTS: Brazil and its macro-regions showed an increasing temporal trend for the notification of TB in the pre-pandemic period. Only the Northeast Region showed a decreasing temporal trend for cured cases. For treatment abandonment, all regions except for the Northeast showed an increasing temporal trend, and regarding death, Brazil and the Northeast Region showed an increasing temporal trend. With the ITS, COVID-19 caused a decline in TB notification rates and TB outcome rates. With the global spatial analysis, it was possible to identify the existence of spatial autocorrelation between the notification rate of COVID-19 and the TB notification rate and deaths. With the local analysis, it was possible to map the Brazilian municipalities and classify them according to the relationship between the rates of both diseases and space. CONCLUSIONS: COVID-19 influenced the follow-up of and adherence to TB treatment and intensified social vulnerability and, consequently, affected the notification of TB since the relationship between the disease and social determinants of health is already known. The restoration and strengthening of essential services for the prevention and detection of cases and treatment of TB in endemic environments such as Brazil have been oriented as a priority in the global health agenda.

Dynamics of Primary Social Networks to Support Mothers, Fathers, or Guardians of Transgender Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review.

Mothers, fathers, or guardians of children and adolescents who do not identify with the gender they were assigned at birth face barriers in their social network to recognize their children's gender identity. This study aimed to analyze the scientific evidence on the dynamics of primary social networks to support mothers, fathers, or guardians of transgender children and adolescents. This is a systematic review of qualitative studies guided by the PRISMA guidelines. Controlled and free vocabulary were used to survey the studies in the EMBASE, Scopus, MEDLINE, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), PsycInfo, Latin American and Caribbean Literature in Health Sciences (LILACS), and Web of Science databases. A total of 21 studies composed the final sample. Primary social networks were described as fragile and conflicting family/blood relationship ties with disapproval, isolation, rejection, a lack of understanding, and feelings of exclusion were expressed. Some have lost friends, reported tension in marriage and with relatives, and were commonly treated with hostility and harassment. Social transition does take place in the mutual context of struggle and resistance which demands a support network for parents or guardians.

Reducing care time after implementing protocols for acute ischemic stroke: a systematic review / Tempo de atendimento após implementação de protocolos para AVC isquêmico agudo: revisão sistemática

Abstract Background The treatment of acute ischemic stroke with cerebral reperfusion therapy requires rapid care and recognition of symptoms. Objective To analyze the effectiveness of implementing protocols for acute ischemic stroke in reducing care time. Methods Systematic review, which was performed with primary studies in Portuguese, English, and Spanish published between 2011 and 2020. Inclusion criteria: study population should comprise people with acute ischemic stroke and studies should present results on the effectiveness of using urgent care protocols in reducing care time. The bibliographic search was conducted in June 2020 in the LILACS, MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, CINAHL, Academic Search Premier, and SocINDEX databases. The articles were selected, and data were extracted by two independent reviewers; the synthesis of the results was performed narratively. The methodological quality of articles was evaluated through specific instruments proposed by the Joanna Briggs Institute. Results A total of 11,226 publications were found, of which 35 were included in the study. Only one study reported improvement in the symptoms-onset-to-door time after protocol implementation. The effectiveness of the therapeutic approach protocols for ischemic stroke was identified in improving door-to-image, image-to-needle, door-to-needle and symptoms-onset-to-needle times. The main limitation found in the articles concerned the lack of clarity in relation to the study population. Conclusions Several advances have been identified in in-hospital care with protocol implementation; however, it is necessary to improve the recognition time of stroke symptoms among those who have the first contact with the person affected by the stroke and among the professionals involved with the prehospital care.

Resumo Antecedentes O tratamento do acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) isquêmico com terapia de reperfusão requer rápido atendimento e reconhecimento dos sintomas. Objetivo Analisar a efetividade da implementação de protocolos para AVC isquêmico agudo na redução do tempo de atendimento. Métodos Revisão sistemática realizada com estudos primários em português, inglês e espanhol publicados entre 2011 e 2020. Critérios de inclusão: a população do estudo foi constituída por pessoas com AVC isquêmico agudo e estudos que apresentassem resultados sobre a efetividade da implantação de protocolos no tempo de atendimento. A pesquisa bibliográfica foi realizada em junho de 2020 nas bases de dados LILACS, MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, CINAHL, Academic Search Premier e SocINDEX. A seleção dos artigos e a extração dos dados foram feitas por dois revisores independentes; a síntese dos resultados foi feita de forma narrativa. A qualidade metodológica dos artigos foi avaliada por meio de instrumentos do Joanna Briggs Institute. Resultados Foram encontradas 11.226 publicações, das quais 35 foram incluídas no estudo. Apenas um estudo relatou melhora no tempo início dos sintomas-porta após a implementação do protocolo, no entanto, foi efetiva na melhora dos tempos porta-imagem, imagem-agulha, porta-agulha e início dos sintomas-agulha. A principal limitação encontrada nos artigos diz respeito à falta de clareza quanto à população de estudo. Conclusões Vários avanços foram identificados no atendimento intra-hospitalar com implantação de protocolo; porém, é necessário melhorar o tempo de reconhecimento dos sintomas do AVC entre aqueles que têm o primeiro contato com a pessoa acometida e entre os profissionais envolvidos com o atendimento pré-hospitalar.